9 (define (codegen-add xs si env)
12 (emit "movq ~a(%rbp), %rax" si)
16 (emit "addq $~a, ~a(%rbp)" y si)
18 (codegen-expr y (- si wordsize) env)
19 (emit "addq %rax, ~a(%rbp)" si))))
22 ; use si(%rbp) as the accumulator
23 (emit "movq $0, ~a(%rbp)" si)
26 (define (codegen-binop opcode)
28 (codegen-expr b si env)
29 (emit "movq %rax, ~a(%rbp)" si)
30 (codegen-expr a (- si wordsize) env)
31 (emit "~a ~a(%rbp), %rax" opcode si)))
33 (define codegen-sub (codegen-binop "sub"))
35 (define codegen-mul (codegen-binop "imul"))
37 (define (codegen-not x si env)
38 (codegen-expr x si env)
40 (emit "andq $1, %rax"))
42 (define (codegen-eq a b si env)
43 (codegen-expr a si env)
44 (emit "movq %rax, ~a(%rbp)" si)
45 (codegen-expr b (- si wordsize) env)
46 (emit "subq ~a(%rbp), %rax" si)
48 (emit "andq $1, %rax"))
50 (define (codegen-print x si env)
51 (codegen-expr x si env) ; x should be a static-string, producing a label
53 ; make a copy of string address since %rax and %rdi are clobbered
54 (emit "mov %rax, %rbx")
56 ; get the length of the null terminated string
57 (emit "mov %rax, %rdi")
58 (emit "xor %al, %al") ; set %al to 0
59 (emit "mov $-1, %rcx") ; max search length = max int = -1
60 (emit "cld") ; clear direction flag, search up in memory
61 (emit "repne scasb") ; scan string, %rcx = -strlen - 1 - 1
63 (emit "not %rcx") ; -%rcx = strlen + 1
66 (emit "mov %rcx, %rdx") ; number of bytes
67 (emit "mov %rbx, %rsi") ; addr of string
68 (emit "mov $1, %rax") ; file handle 1 (stdout)
69 (emit "mov $1, %rdi") ; syscall 1 (write)
74 (append (range s (- n 1))
75 (list (+ s (- n 1))))))
79 (define (codegen-let bindings body si env)
80 (let* ((stack-offsets (map (lambda (x) (- si (* x wordsize)))
81 (range 0 (length bindings))))
82 (inner-si (- si (* (length bindings) wordsize)))
83 (names (map car bindings))
84 (exprs (map cadr bindings))
86 ; recursive let bindings: build environment as we go
88 (lambda (env name expr offset)
89 (codegen-expr expr inner-si env)
90 (emit "movq %rax, ~a(%rbp)" offset)
91 (cons (cons name offset) env))
92 env names exprs stack-offsets)))
93 (for-each (lambda (form)
94 (codegen-expr form inner-si inner-env))
97 (define (codegen-var name si env)
98 (when (not (assoc name env))
99 (error #f (format "Variable ~a is not bound" name)))
100 (let ((offset (cdr (assoc name env))))
101 (emit "movq ~a(%rbp), %rax" offset)))
103 (define cur-lambda 0)
104 (define (fresh-lambda)
105 (set! cur-lambda (+ 1 cur-lambda))
106 (format "_lambda~a" (- cur-lambda 1)))
108 (define (codegen-closure label captured si env)
109 ;; (define (codegen-closure label captured si env)
110 ;; (let* ((stack-offsets (map (lambda (x) (- si (* x wordsize))))
111 ;; (range 0 (length captured)))
112 ;; (inner-si (- si (* (length captured) wordsize))))
113 ;; (for-each (lambda (var-name new-offset)
114 ;; (emit "movq ~a(%rbp), ~a(%rbp)" ; todo: do we need to copy this?
115 ;; (cdr (assoc var-name env))
120 ; for now we can only call closures
121 (define (codegen-call closure args si env)
122 ; (codegen-expr closure si env)
123 (when (not (eq? (ast-type closure) 'closure))
124 (error #f (format "~a is not a closure" closure)))
125 (let* ((captured (caddr closure))
126 (label (cadr closure))
127 (argument-start (length captured)))
129 ; first move the captured variables into param registers
132 (emit "movq ~a(%rbp), ~a"
133 (cdr (assoc e env)) ; offset of the var
135 captured (range 0 (length captured)))
137 ; then codegen the arguments and move them into the next param registers
141 (codegen-expr e si env)
142 ; move result to correct param register
143 (emit "movq %rax, ~a" (param-register i))))
144 args (range argument-start (length args)))
146 (emit "addq $~a, %rsp" si) ; adjust the stack pointer to account all the stuff we put in the env
147 (emit "callq ~a" label)
148 (emit "subq $~a, %rsp" si)))
150 (define (codegen-lambda l)
151 (let* ((label (car l))
155 ; params = what actually gets passed
156 (params (append captured args))
158 (param-registers (map param-register
159 (range 0 (length params))))
160 (stack-offsets (map (lambda (i)
162 (range 1 (length params))))
164 (copy-insts (map (lambda (r o)
165 (format "movq ~a, ~a(%rbp)" r o))
166 param-registers stack-offsets))
168 (env (map cons params stack-offsets)))
170 (display "## lambda body: ")
173 (display "## environment: ")
177 (emit "push %rbp") ; preserve caller's base pointer
178 (emit "movq %rsp, %rbp") ; set up our own base pointer
180 (for-each emit copy-insts)
181 (codegen-expr body (* (- wordsize) (+ 1 (length params))) env)
183 (emit "pop %rbp") ; restore caller's base pointer
187 (define (fresh-label)
188 (set! cur-label (+ 1 cur-label))
189 (format "label~a" (- cur-label 1)))
191 (define (codegen-if cond then else si env)
192 (codegen-expr cond si env)
193 (emit "cmpq $0, %rax")
194 (let ((exit-label (fresh-label))
195 (else-label (fresh-label)))
196 (emit "je ~a" else-label)
197 (codegen-expr then si env)
198 (emit "jmp ~a" exit-label)
199 (emit "~a:" else-label)
200 (codegen-expr else si env)
201 (emit "~a:" exit-label)))
203 (define (codegen-expr e si env)
206 ('closure (codegen-closure (cadr e) (caddr e) si env))
208 (let ((callee (codegen-expr (car e) si env)))
210 ('+ (codegen-add (cdr e) si env))
211 ('- (codegen-sub (cadr e) (caddr e) si env))
212 ('* (codegen-mul (cadr e) (caddr e) si env))
213 ('! (codegen-not (cadr e) si env))
214 ('= (codegen-eq (cadr e) (caddr e) si env))
215 ('bool->int (codegen-expr (cadr e) si env))
216 ('print (codegen-print (cadr e) si env))
217 (else (codegen-call callee (cdr e) si env)))))
219 ('let (codegen-let (let-bindings e)
224 ('var (codegen-var e si env))
226 ('if (codegen-if (cadr e) (caddr e) (cadddr e) si env))
228 ('bool-literal (emit "movq $~a, %rax" (if e 1 0)))
229 ('int-literal (emit "movq $~a, %rax" e))
231 ('static-string (emit "lea ~a, %rax" (cadr e))) ; move label
233 (else (error #f "don't know how to codegen this"))))
236 (define (fold-map f x) (fold-left append '() (map f x)))
238 (define (free-vars prog)
242 ('builtin '()) ; do nothing
243 ('var (if (memq e bound) '() (list e)))
245 (set! bound (append (lambda-args e) bound))
246 (collect (lambda-body e)))
248 ('app (fold-map collect e))
250 (let ((bind-fvs (fold-map (lambda (a)
251 ((set! bound (cons (car a) bound))
253 (let-bindings cadr)))
254 (body-fvs (fold-map collect (let-body e))))
255 (append bind-fvs body-fvs)))
259 ; ((lambda (x) (+ x 1)) 42) => {lambda0: (x) (+ x 1)}, (@lambda0 42)
260 (define (extract-lambdas program)
262 (define (add-lambda e)
263 (let* ((label (fresh-lambda))
264 (args (lambda-args e))
265 (captured (free-vars e))
266 (body (extract (lambda-body e)))
267 (new-lambda (list label args captured body)))
268 (set! lambdas (cons new-lambda lambdas))
269 `(closure ,label ,captured))) ; todo: should we string->symbol?
272 ('lambda (add-lambda e))
273 ('let `(let ,(map extract (let-bindings e))
274 ,@(map extract (let-body e))))
275 ('app (append (list (extract (car e)))
276 (map extract (cdr e))))
277 (else (ast-traverse extract e))))
278 (let ((transformed (extract program)))
279 (cons lambdas transformed)))
281 (define (extract-strings program)
283 (strings '())) ; assoc list of labels -> string
284 (define (fresh-string)
285 (set! cur-string (+ cur-string 1))
286 (format "string~a" (- cur-string 1)))
290 (let ((label (fresh-string)))
291 (set! strings (cons (cons label e) strings))
292 `(static-string ,label)))
293 (else (ast-traverse extract e))))
294 (let ((transformed (extract program)))
295 (cons strings transformed))))
297 (define (emit-string-data s)
299 (emit "\t.string \"~a\"" (cdr s)))
301 ;; (define (amd64-abi f)
302 ;; ; preserve registers
303 ;; (emit "push %rbp")
304 ;; ;; (emit "push %rbx")
305 ;; ;; (for-each (lambda (i)
306 ;; ;; (emit (string-append
308 ;; ;; (number->string i))))
309 ;; ;; '(12 13 14 15))
311 ;; (emit "movq %rsp, %rbp") ; set up the base pointer
314 ;; ; restore preserved registers
315 ;; ;; (for-each (lambda (i)
316 ;; ;; (emit (string-append
318 ;; ;; (number->string i))))
319 ;; ;; '(15 14 13 12))
320 ;; ;; (emit "pop %rbx")
325 ; 16(%rbp) mem arg 0 prev frame
326 ; -----------------------
327 ; 8(%rbp) return address cur frame
329 ; -8(%rbp) do what you want
330 ; ... do what you want
331 ; 0(%rsp) do what you want
333 (define (param-register n)
341 (else (error #f "need to test out the below"))
342 (else (format "~a(%rsp)" (- n 6)))))
344 (define (codegen program)
345 (let* ((extract-res-0 (extract-strings program))
346 (strings (car extract-res-0))
347 (extract-res-1 (extract-lambdas (cdr extract-res-0)))
348 (lambdas (car extract-res-1))
349 (xform-prog (cdr extract-res-1)))
351 (emit "\t.global _start")
353 ; (emit ".p2align 4,,15") is this needed?
355 (for-each codegen-lambda lambdas)
359 ; allocate some heap memory
360 (emit "mov $9, %rax") ; mmap
361 (emit "xor %rdi, %rdi") ; addr = null
362 (emit "movq $1024, %rsi") ; length = 1kb
363 (emit "movq $0x3, %rdx") ; prot = read | write = 0x2 | 0x1
364 (emit "movq $0x22, %r10") ; flags = anonymous | private = 0x20 | 0x02
365 (emit "movq $-1, %r8") ; fd = -1
366 (emit "xor %r9, %r9") ; offset = 0
369 ; %rax now contains pointer to the start of the heap
371 (emit "movq %rax, (heap_start)")
373 (emit "movq %rsp, %rbp") ; set up the base pointer
374 (codegen-expr xform-prog 0 '())
377 (emit "mov %rax, %rdi")
378 (emit "mov $60, %rax")
386 (for-each emit-string-data strings)))
388 (define (compile-to-binary program output)
389 (when (not (eq? (typecheck program) 'int)) (error #f "not an int"))
390 (let ([tmp-path "/tmp/a.s"])
391 (when (file-exists? tmp-path) (delete-file tmp-path))
392 (with-output-to-file tmp-path
393 (lambda () (codegen program)))
394 (system (format "clang -nostdlib /tmp/a.s -o ~a" output))))
397 ; syscalls in linux use the following arguments for syscall instruction: